Procrastination In College Students And Its Effects - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1484 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Topics: Procrastination Essay Did you like this example? Procrastination in College Students and Its Effects Do you ever find yourself waiting until the last minute to complete assignments? If you do, you are not alone. Many college students have a tendency to procrastinate on assignments. For most, procrastination can have negative consequences and can be harmful to their academic success, but for some procrastination is intentional and can have positive outcomes. Researchers are doing studies to define the difference between passive procrastination and active procrastination and the consequences or benefits they have on college students. The most common form of procrastination is called passive procrastination. Passive procrastinators are traditional procrastinators who postpone their tasks until the last minute because of an inability to make the decision to act in a timely manner (Choi and Moran 196). There are many negative internal consequences that can arise from this type of procrastination that may include regret, irritation, despair, and self-blame, as well as external consequences that can include impaired academic and work progress, lost opportunities, and strained relationships (Haycock et al. 317). The negative consequences procrastination can have on college students could lead to poor grade point averages and failure to complete courses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Procrastination In College Students And Its Effects" essay for you Create order Throughout the years researchers have been studying these effects on college students and their inability to complete assignments in a timely manner. In 2007, it was estimated that 75% of college students procrastinated, with 50% of them saying they thought it may be a problem because they procrastinate constantly (Burka Yuen 6). A study done at one university on academic procrastination showed that as many as 50% of the participants procrastinated on assignments (Haycock et al. 317). Some college students find it easier to delay working on assignments to do more pleasurable activities which then causes them to rush to meet deadlines and often results in undesirable grades and poor self-esteem. In 1997, Dianne Tice and Roy Baumeister, both professors of psychology, published one of the first studies of the nature of procrastination in Psychological Science (Jaffe, par. 8). They tracked college students level of procrastination by looking at their academic performance, stress levels, and overall health during the semester. Tice and Baumeister (1997) reported that university students who rated high on procrastination not only received low grades but also reported a high level of stress along with poor self-rated health (Chu and Choi 246). Tice later teamed up with Joseph Ferrari, a professor of psychology, to further study the how procrastination can have negative consequences. In 2000, Tice and Ferrari published their conclusions in the Journal of Research in Personality, finding that procrastinators tend to undermine their own best efforts (Jaffe, par. 10). These studies are consistent in concluding the negative effects procrastination can have on college students but do no t tell us why college students procrastinate. For some college students, they have an underlying fear of failure, while for others itrs a fear of success. According to Burka and Yuen, As long as you procrastinate, you never have to confront the real limits of your ability, whatever those limits are (22). Some college students use procrastination as a way to avoid the humiliation and judgement of failing (Burka Yuen, 22). The fear that their success will raise other peoples expectations of them is another reason college students procrastinate (Novotney 2). Procrastinating because of the fear of failure can affect oners ability to reach their full potential and success in the future. For those that have a fear of success, they want to do well but unconscious worries keep them from succeeding and results in procrastination (Burka Yuen 23). These fears are often not noticed by college students until they start to negatively affect their grades. Studies have shown that negative outcomes are more likely with passive procrastination, but newer studies are showing that it is possible to procrastinate and achieve positive outcomes. In 2005, Angela Hsin Chun Chu and Jin Nam Choi provided an alternative perspective and demonstrated that not all procrastination behaviors are harmful or are precursors of negative consequences (Choi and Moran 195). Chu and Choi believe that, Active procrastinators make intentional decisions to procrastinate, using their strong motivation under time pressure, and they are able to complete tasks before deadlines and achieve satisfactory outcomes (Choi and Moran 196). During their study of a group of 230 undergraduates from three Canadian universities, they found that active procrastinators demonstrated time perceptions, attitudes, coping styles, and academic performance that were nearly identical to (and in some cases even better than) those of non-procrastinators (Choi and Moran 196). An active procra stinator might, for example, start a project the day itrs due because they feel they will be able to focus better, meet expectations, and still receive a satisfactory grade. By approaching procrastination as an active behavior, scholars could highlight beneficial outcomes for students who intentionally delayed academics (Hensley 1). Although further research is needed to verify the benefits of active procrastination, researchers are finding that there can be positive outcomes of procrastination. Active procrastinators have the benefit of being able to organize their time and are self-motivated, which can drive them towards their goals and ability to achieve their desired outcome (Choi and Moran 197). Survey-based studies of active procrastination have included undergraduates of all academic levels and a range of ethnic backgrounds (Hensley 1). Active procrastination is an observable behavioral characteristic that encompasses a personrs affective preference for time pressure, cognitive decision to procrastinate, behavioral capacity to meet deadlines, and ability to achieve satisfactory outcomes (Choi Moran 196). Using these four characterizations, Chu and Choi (2005) were able to determine whether a person is a passive procrastinator or an active procrastinator. Choi and doctoral student Sarah V. Moran have taken Chu and Choirs study and expanded on the four dimensions of characteristics and included comparing them with other general personality characteristics (Choi Moran 197). By expanding the scale from the 12-item measure that Chu and Choi (2005) used to a 40-item measure, they were able to take into account various cognitive, affective, and behavioral mechanisms to improve their study (Choi and Moran 200). During their expanded study of active procrastination Choi and Moran were able to confirm the findings from Chu and Choirs study in 2005. There is still more research to be done to determine if active procrastination is directly related to high academic performance as it is connected to higher grade point averages (Hensley 2). A lot of college students procrastinate when it comes to completing their assignments. Most college students procrastinate because they find other activities to be more pleasurable, but studies show that some college students do it because they feel they can manage their time and focus better. Passive procrastinators are more likely to receive poor grades, have lower self-esteem, and higher stress levels due to the pressure they put on themselves to complete tasks on time. While passive procrastinators tend to receive more negative outcomes, studies show that active procrastinators excel in their studies when under time pressure and focus better. Active procrastinators intentionally wait until the last minute to complete assignments and are still able to receive desirable outcomes. Work Cited Angela Hsin Chun, Chu and Choi, Jin Nam. Rethinking Procrastination: Positive Effects of Active Procrastination Behavior on Attitudes and Performance. Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 145, no. 3, June 2005, p. 245 EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=f5hAN=17158868site=ehost-liovescope=site. Accessed by 09 March 2018. Burka, Jane B. and Lenora M. Yuen.Procrastination : Why You Do It, What to Do about It Now. vol. 25th anniversary ed., fully rev. and updated, Da Capo Press, 2008. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=e000xnaAN=258727site=ehost-livescope=site. Accessed by 08 March 2018. Choi, Jin Nam and Moran, Sarah V. Why Not Procrastinate? Development and Validation of a New Active Procrastination Scale. The Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 149, no. 2, Apr. 2009, p. 195-212. EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=f5hAN=37349889site=ehost-livescope=site. Accessed by 09 March 2018. Haycock, Laurel A., et al. Procrastination in College Students: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Anxiety. Journal of Counseling Development, vol. 76, no. 3, Summer98, p. 317 EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=buhAN=951234site=ehost-livescope=site. Accessed by 09 March 2018. Hensley, Lauren C. The Draws and Drawbacks of College Students Active Procrastination. Journal of College Student Development. vol. 57, no. 4, May 2016, p. 465-471. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/619495/summary. Jaffe, Eric. Why Wait? The Science Behind Procrastination. Main Street Practitioner, vol. 6, Nov/Dec 2015, p. 10. EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=f5hAN=114150661site=ehost-livescope=site. Accessed by 10 March 2018. Novotney, Amy. Procrastination or ?intentional delay? GradPsych Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan 2010, p. 14. https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination.aspx. Accessed by 01 April 2018

Similarities between Oral and Literary Traditions - 663 Words

When thinking of oral traditions and literary traditions they both have their own similarities. Oral tradition is information that is passed down from generations by words that is not written down. On the hand literary tradition would be a language that is written and well spoken. It also makes whatever is written down permanent. Both are similar but slightly different from another. Before the literary tradition of written texts, oral tradition passed tales of gods, heroes, and other memorable mortals and their lives from generation to generation. These tales were then transcribed in the literary tradition through the use of pictographs, and later, alphabets, reproducing these tales and others that became â€Å"etched in stone.† In others, telling stories, myths about gods was faster to know but difficult because each individual had to remember what the other person had told them. The oral tradition was a memory game. In some cases the person telling the story would change the story slightly different from the original tale because they forgot what they remembered. Oral tradition leads to lots of confusion when it comes to stories that are being told. Given what is said, the story of Iliad was important because it starts out as an oral tradition when Schliemann was told this by his father. Later the Iliad would speak the truth about Homer’s work. Schliemann’s the archaeologist who found the city of Troy made it possible for people to trace back their lineage to the Trojans. ByShow MoreRelatedEssay The Synoptic Problem831 Words   |  4 Pages It is believed that there is a literary connection between the gospels as there is an obvious verbal agreement that suggests some kind of interdependence between them all. It is believed that these similarities have arisen because i. All the gospel writers were inspired by the power of the holy spirit ii. They are all an account of the Jesus. 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Contemporary Issues in Accounting for Financial- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Issues in Accounting for Financial Matters. Answer: Information System in Accounting Accounting Information system utilizes specific programs and software which are used by the business to collect and process accounting information which are used by the management in decision making process regarding financial matters (Simkin, Norman Rose, 2014). Generally accounting information uses computer-based appliances which are used requires programs or software such as ERP, integrated reporting structure. As per Sajady, Dastgir and Nejad, the role of Accounting information system is crucial for implementing an effective and efficient internal control system. The basic impact of introduction of Accounting Information system is shown in the improvement of decision making processes, maintaining the quality of accounting information, setting up effective internal control system (Sajady, Dastgir Nejad, 2012). This was published International journal of Information. Influences on Accounting Practices With the introduction of the new accounting information system, the overall accounting process will be become more systematic and less complex in nature. The major impact of introduction of the information system in accounting process is that it reduces the complexity and time-consuming factor of traditional accounting and makes the process more systematic and easy to understand. With the application of Information system like ERP system, expert system and other similar packages the company will be able to review the accounting process with ease and any mistakes or omission are easily identifiable and also rectified easily (Daoud Triki, 2013). As per Grabara, kolcun Kot, in todays world for effective transmission of information, information system is essential for the operation of an entire process. In addition to this, information is considered to be an important factor for effective management and operation of a company (Grabara, Kolcun Kot, 2014). In transport sector, the use o f accounting information system is useful for effective running of the business. Another consideration which the management of the company has to consider is the handling aspect of the information system for which the accounting professionals need to be trained and also need to gather adequate knowledge about the system and how it operates (Alsharayri, 2012). The accounting professional in todays competitive environment need to have ample knowledge of various software such as excel, tally and also acquire knowledge of programs like ERP, expert systems and other accounting information software. Reference Alsharayri, M. (2012). Evaluating the Performance of accounting information systems in Jordanian private hospitals.Journal of Social Sciences,8(1), 74. Daoud, H., Triki, M. (2013). Accounting information systems in an ERP environment and Tunisian firm performance. Grabara, J., Kolcun, M., Kot, S. (2014). The role of information systems in transport logistics.International Journal of Education and Research,2(2), 28-36. Sajady, H., Dastgir, M., Nejad, H. H. (2012). Evaluation of the effectiveness of accounting information systems.International Journal of Information Science and Management (IJISM),6(2), 49-59. Simkin, M. G., Norman, C. S., Rose, J. M. (2014).Core concepts of accounting information systems. John Wiley Sons.

To scream or be subtle

Introduction Olaudah Equiano and Mary Wollstonecraft are radically different authors; Wollstonecraft is assertive and direct about her call to change while Equiano is subtle about his message. He uses his own experience to humanize his call to the ending of slavery. As a result, readers end up connecting more with Equiano than with Mary. Wollstonecraft chose to confront the issues she was talking about through a direct approach.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To scream or be subtle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She unapologetically stated her position and contradicted those who argued that women did not deserve civil or educational opportunities. This approach had the effect of drawing in those who held similar views, or those who were uncertain about their stance. However, screaming about her message had an unwanted effect of causing even greater criticism and therefore pushed away certain readers. Therefore , being subtle about one’s message is more effective than screaming about it. Approaches used and how the authors appeal to their audiences Mary Wollstonecraft was writing at a time when revolutionary sentiments were pervading western societies. In particular, the French Revolution had caused many people to debate and comment about various political issues. Some of them included: the role of the church and the state, the importance of human rights and the role of a representative government. The use of rational thought was imperative in appealing to her audience; however, instead of confining herself to this formal style (it was common for philosophers to use it); Mary chose to use a hybrid style that used both logic and sensibility. The book looks like one long essay that has been divided into various chapters. The author gives her point of view in all chapters through different angles. It can therefore be said that the use of sensibility by this author was an approach that she was using to appeal to her audience. Sensibility has come to be associated with women because they were known to be more emotional than men. In that century, sensibility had encouraged the abolition of slave trade, but was criticized for paralyzing those individuals who were employing too much of it. Sensibility was something that authors used when they needed to assert values about unconventional topics like sexual freedom. One may therefore say that Wollstonecraft wanted to target an audience of people who were willing to embrace unconventional ideas. She wrote to them in a language that they understood i.e. sensibility (even though this was not the exclusive mode). This was a strategy to appeal to such a group of people.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sensibility by its very nature requires one to scream about one’s message. One cannot beat around the bush on this one. Mary Wollstonecraft was very direct in her book with regard to the rights of women especially their right to education and their role in society (Wardle, 40). Wollstonecraft also used rational thought as another way of appealing to her audience of reformers. She used terms such as ‘principles’ and ‘arguments’ she affirmed that if women were not educated to become men’s companions, then they would not have sufficient virtue and knowledge to transmit to their offspring and this would hamper the spread of knowledge. Mary even questioned the perception of women as rational beings by affirming that they only appeared as such owing to their male counterparts who urged them to remain uneducated. By making clear justifications about her stances, and by using certain principles to back up her assertions, Mary was using a style of writing that would appeal to reformers and philosophers alike. In making these rational arguments, she was also using a method that they would understand. When implementing such a method, the author appears to be more detached from audience. Her main focus is to provide an objective description and analysis of societal values. Readers may not engage directly with her because she is offering her view on a social issue rather than discussing anything personal about herself (Wollstonecraft, 12). She used a prescriptive technique to bring out her message and being prescriptive often requires one to be very direct and loud about one’s point. On the other hand, Olaudah Equiano uses a very different approach to appeal to his audience. This was someone who wanted to bring in a human element to the topic of slavery. He did not want to preach to his audience (even though he injects some of his sentiments from time to time) about slavery because that would have alienated them from him. Instead, Equiano chose to intertwine his message in the narrative of his life. The reason why the book got very positi ve reviews was that the author was able to immerse readers into the story of his life. His story was very real to anyone who was reading the book. In fact, emotional appeal has always been known as one of the strongest forces of this book. Readers tended to sympathize with what the author was saying and this caused his message to sink in. In the book, the author very effectively captures the differences between a deprived black man and the highly esteemed ‘white man’. His depiction of the relationship between the privileged members of society and the slaves have the effect of making readers identify with what he was talking about.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To scream or be subtle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He contrasts his treatment in England with life in the West Indies, and therefore shows that there is another way that slave users can use to treat their slaves (Equiano, 105). Furtherm ore, when the protagonist buys his freedom, he shows readers that there is a better alternative to life as a slave. How far the authors go in appealing for change The call to change is hidden in the suffering of Olaudah Equiano. His indirect approach was quite powerful because it appealed to the very qualities and virtues that the author’s audience upheld. The story is one that talks about liberty and free enterprise. Many European audiences highly identify with these values because most of them expect their citizens to aspire to such a life. The author therefore pushed his agenda in a clever and effective way by packaging the message in the form of a value-filled narrative. On the other hand, his counterpart Wollstonecraft used the exact opposite strategy to appeal for change; her message was rather impersonal. She wanted to focus on the philosophical and logical underpinnings of women’s rights rather than the personal nature of the economic oppression of women. There fore, while Equiano dwelt on showing his audience ‘why’ they needed to abolish slave trade, Wollstonecraft focused more on ‘what’ her society needed to do. Books of this latter kind tend to scream out to audiences because they focus on the subject matter alone. However, narratives that dwell on ‘why’ are more subtle, and arguably more effective. Once people are clear about why they need to do to take on a certain action, then the ‘what’ will come naturally. The need to get personal with the audience in Equiano is so intense that the writer uses certain structures to achieve these goals. For example, some parts of the book are written in letter form. Additionally, this author realizes that his views might not be readily accepted by a predominantly white audience. Consequently, he talks about his adoption of a culture and way of life that is acceptable to listeners (Equiano, 87). For instance, he becomes a Christian and frequently re fers to God in his analysis. Furthermore, he learns how to read and write and makes speeches to an audience full of Caucasians. All these qualities endear him to readers. Most of them are willing to pay attention to what he has to say simply because he seems to come from a non judgmental place. Conversely, Mary Wollstonecraft did not want to use such indirect ways. She might have felt that getting too personal with the audience would shift attention away from her message. To her, equality, education and women’s place in society were too important for her to mix them up with other issues. She, like Equiano, talks about culture but in a confrontational manner.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Her choice proves to work against her because her readers longed to know more about her personal life. In fact, after she passed away and her husband released personal information about her, her audience was heavily affected by that book. They learnt that Wollstonecraft attempted suicide, had a child outside marriage and had had several relationships. People were appalled by this; and they stopped referring to her material (Wardle, 91). Her call to change was not taken seriously because she did connect with her audience on a personal level. By screaming, she ended up pushing away the very people that she was trying to get to her side. Conclusion Being subtle in literature is more effective than screaming because screaming tends to impersonalize one’s message. Equiano’s call for change was camouflaged in his life story. People sympathized with him, yet they also identified with him. At the end of it all, they were moved to action. On the other hand, Mary Wollstonecraft did not bother with this strategy. She wanted to dwell on the message by being direct about it. Mary focused on ‘what’ needs to be done in terms of change, and rationalized her reasons. Conversely, Equiano focused on ‘why’ and did not shout about his call to action. This was more personal and more successful. Works Cited Equiano, Olaudah. The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano Ed. Allison, Robert. Bedford Series in History and culture. NY: St Martin’s Press, 2006. Print. Wardle, Ralph. Mary Wollstonecraft: a critical biography. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1951. Print. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A vindication of the rights of woman. Boston: Thomas and Andrews, 1792. Online. This essay on To scream or be subtle was written and submitted by user Saniyah Holt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.